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terça-feira, 9 de novembro de 2010

Taxa de Abandono em Contact Centers - O desafio da estimativa

A área de planejamento de tráfego é de extrema importância para as empresas de Contact Centers, pois tem como desafio dimensionar adequadamente a quantidade de recursos (Capacity Planning) para atender a demanda prevista (forecast) dado um desempenho de qualidade esperado (Nível de Serviço) e uma produtividade que permita fazer o negócio rentável.

O Nível de Serviço é a probabilidade de atender um número de indivíduos, em um determinado período de tempo, e no mercado de Contact Center é utilizada como um indicador de qualidade, podendo ser usado percentualmente. Por exemplo, uma central de atendimento pode ter como meta atender 80% das chamadas recebidas em até 20 segundos, ou seja, 80% dos clientes deverão ser atendidos imediatamente ou aguardar até no máximo 20 segundos para serem atendidos.

A partir dos conceitos estabelecidos através da Teoria das Filas definiu-se uma equação que permite estimar o Nível de Serviço de uma central de atendimento, dado certos parâmetros: tempo médio de atendimento, quantidade de agentes e volume de chamadas oferecidas ao sistema. (Equação de Erlang -http://www.erlang.com.br/erlangc.asp).

A equação de Erlang não contempla uma variável muito importante para o negócio de Contact Center, a Taxa de Abandono. Cada ligação pode resultar em uma venda, ou em uma recuperação de crédito, ou mesmo apenas corrigir um serviço mal prestado que pode fazer com o cliente cancele o serviço. A taxa de abandono implica em perda de negócio para a empresa.

Então o que faremos neste post é estimar qual a provável taxa de abandono em uma central de atendimento.

Observando os resultados de desempenho, percebeu-se que havia uma relação entre o indicador de nível de serviço (razão entre a quantidade de chamadas atendidas até o tempo limite de fila e a quantidade de chamadas oferecidas ao sistema) e a taxa de abandono, em função disso, decidi usar um modelo de regressão.

O Gráfico abaixo apresenta o resultado da dispersão entre nível de serviço e taxa de abandono. A amostra contempla 270 dias de observação.

Utilizando o Minitab®, ajustei um modelo não linear, polinomial de ordem 2, e obtive os resultados conforme gráfico e estatísticas a seguir:

De acordo com modelo, para um nível de serviço de 80% em 20 segundos, a expectativa é de 1,81% de chamadas abandonadas. Com este resultado, poderemos estimar, por exemplo, a possível perda de receita por não atender estas chamadas. Isto permite a empresa estimar qual a meta ideal de nível de serviço que equilibre custo e receita.

Um ponto a ser considerado no modelo é a heterocedasticidade. Para níveis de serviço considerados ruins (do ponto de vista do negócio), a variação do resultado esperado é bem maior. Contudo, isso não representa um problema. A necessidade para o negócio não é prever a taxa de abandono e sim estimar o comportamento médio do modelo.

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